Google, Amazon Underestimate Data Centers’ Carbon Footprints

Google and Amazon are among the companies using an obsolete tool to calculate their data center emissions from the electricity they purchase from the power grid, according to Lux Research.

The research firm has developed a new analytical tool that finds data centers underestimate coal usage by 30 percent or more, and thus have much higher emissions than they report.

The companies currently use the EPA’s Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) to estimate their emissions. However, eGRID divides the US electricity grid into just 24 broad regions, and is updated only infrequently — the most recent information available is from 2012, Lux Research says.

Lux Research’s grid analysis improves the accuracy of carbon reporting by a factor of 80, says Ory Zik, Lux Research vice president of analytics and the team leader of Lux’s energy benchmarking. “For example, we found that Google underestimates its dependence on coal in four out of seven data centers, in particular at its Berkeley County, South Carolina location,” he says.

The new Lux Grid Network Analysis (GNA) divides the grid into 134 regions, instead of 24, providing more granular insight, and makes use of US Energy Information Administration data that is updated monthly. Applying the Lux GNA to US-based data centers shows where operators are coming up short in their sustainability reporting:

• Google misses the mark in four out of its seven data centers. Google uses eGRID to estimate its electricity emissions, but four of Google’s seven major US data centers rely more on coal than the data reported by eGRID implies. As a result, Google’s emissions are likely larger than they estimated by 42,000 MT CO2e per year, Lux Research says.
• Amazon estimates are off in more than 20 centers. Amazon is less transparent about how it calculates its emissions, but its 23 Virginia-based cloud services data centers use about 43 percent electricity from coal — not 35 percent as estimated using eGRID. This difference amounts to 85,000 MT CO2e per year more.

In addition to using massive amounts of energy — Lux Research says data centers use more than 90 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually — data centers guzzle huge amounts of water to support their cooling needs.

A modest 1 MW data center facility can easily consume more than 4.4 million liters (1.2 million gallons) annually, according to Emerson Network Power’s Jack Pouchet from, who also sits on the board of directors of The Green Grid, a nonprofit that promotes IT resource efficiency.